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Spain’s Eighteenth Century
Philip V (Spanish: Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724, and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. Philip instigated many...
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Spain’s African Crusade(s)
Attack on La Goletta, with Tunis in the background. Imperial troops in the conquest of Tunis, 1535 The dangers of rebellion among the sullen inhabitants of Granada, aided and abetted by their North...
View ArticleAfrica Colonial Wars 1919–1939 Part I
Just as Africans were taking their first, tentative steps towards nationhood and independence, Spain and Italy launched what turned out to be the last large-scale wars of conquest on the continent, in...
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Second Siege of Saragossa
This is an account of the epic siege of Saragossa in early 1809: The 27th January 1809 dawned drab and dismal. There was a light mist but the cold of the Spanish winter was intense. French troops...
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British Attack French and Spanish Territory in Asia 1740-62 Part II
Fort St George on the Coromandel Coast. Belonging to the East India Company of England 1754 Briefly then, the French took the field first. In September 1757 the first reinforcements to reach India...
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British Attack French and Spanish Territory in Asia 1740-62 Part I
Joseph François Dupleix who initiated French intervention in Burma Negrais Massacre Coinciding precisely with Clive’s triumphal progress in Bengal, and yet utterly devoid of either glory or...
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Spanish Colonies in South America
The final century and a half of Spanish colonial rule brought additional changes to the Andean political, social, and economic systems that had emerged during the age of Viceroy Toledo. From 1650 to...
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PARTY KINGDOMS, IBERIAN PENINSULA
The taifa kingdoms in 1031 immediately after the fracturing of the caliphate. The Party Kingdoms, or Taifa Kingdoms, emerged out of the anarchy that followed the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of...
View ArticleWarfare in the Spanish Reconquista Era III
A century later Alfonso VIII chanced the future of his kingdom on a pitched battle at Alarcos on 19 July 1195. There, a few miles south of Toledo, a castle, still unfinished, was situated on a small...
View ArticleWarfare in the Spanish Reconquista Era II
Military Standards and Leadership The military standard was a sign whereby kings, magnates, Military Orders, and town militias identified themselves; it also acted as a rallying point. Guillem de...
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Warfare in the Spanish Reconquista Era I
During the age of the crusades the organization and operations of Christian armies engaged in the reconquest developed significantly. Not only was the formation of armies improved, but there were...
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ALARCOS, 19 July 1195
Lying between Christian Toledo and Muslim Cordoba, the plains around Calatrava were strategically crucial during the decades on either side of 1200. That is why the Knights of Calatrava had fortified...
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THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE AND WAR WITH SPAIN, 1718-1720 Part II
Siege of St Sebastian, 1719PLAN De la VILLE et du Chateau / et PORT du St: SEBASTIAN / Ataqué par les Anglois dan les du Moy Maÿ / l’Anné 1719 Milazzo, 1718PLAN / de la ville & chateau de /...
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THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE AND WAR WITH SPAIN, 1718-1720 Part I
Philip V of Spain The establishment of a Bourbon prince on the throne of Spain was regarded as the great and final achievement of the reign of Louis XIV. The critics of the regent denounced his...
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A Potential Invasion of Great Britain’s Home Islands – 1779
Combat between the French frigates Juno and Gentille against the English ship Ardent and the English frigate Fox, August 17, 1779. (Château de Versailles) Each new war expends a great deal of effort...
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San Martín (c1579)
San Martín was a fine example of Portuguese shipbuilding skills. Note the bonaventure mast, set well in-board and not requiring the precarious stern-boom fitted on Henry Grace à Dieu. This painting by...
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THE ITALIAN CORPO TRUPPE VOLONTARIE
Italian members of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie which assisted Franco’s forces throughout the war. They wear mounted troops’ bandoliers, and most are armed with the M1891 Carcano carbine with a...
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Spain in the Nineteenth Century II
XIX century Carlists Wars – Augusto Ferrer Dalmau Developments in Spain inspired liberal unrest in the Italian peninsula, Portugal, and elsewhere, and the conservative statesmen of Europe took notice....
View ArticleSpain in the Nineteenth Century I
When France and Great Britain went to war in May 1803, Carlos IV and Godoy hoped to remain neutral despite treaties with Napoleon. Great Britain, however, became suspicious of a Spanish naval buildup,...
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Antitank Warfare in the Spanish Civil War
German Artillerymen of the Condor Legion prepare to fire a Flak 18 88mm cannon onto Republican lines at the Battle of Amposta during the Spanish Civil War; Catalonia, Autumn 1938. Italian 47mm M-35...
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